Surgical Procedures During The Surgical Procedure Essay

I had the pleasure of observing three different surgical procedures during my OR rotation The first surgical procedure was a caesarean section (C-section), that was done as a repeat because the patient had her previous children delivered as a c-section and was not able to deliver vaginally. I also got a chance to observe an umbilical hernia repair. This procedure was performed because part of the intestines were protruding through the umbilical opening which may have caused pain or discomfort. The patient had given birth a few months prior to the surgery which may have caused the protruding intestine. The third surgical procedure I observed was a Laparoscopic gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy). This procedure was performed because the patient had gall stones present in the gallbladder. Negative effects of surgery When a person goes under the knife, he or she open themselves up to risks that are involved when having surgery that will determine the outcome of the operation. There are risks of surgical complications, the risk of infection, bleeding uncontrollably and risking your life by not waking up and getting through the surgical procedure. Patients can be affected psychologically due to prolonged recovery and long lasting disability if complications occur. This may cause psychological distress, which can delay recovery as stress delays wound healing and compromises some immunity. (Pinto, Faiz, Davis, Almoudaris, Vincent, 2016). Side effects from the anesthesia usedShow MoreRelatedA Critical Incident During The Theatre During A Knee Orif Surgical Procedure Essay2147 Words   |  9 PagesNovember 2015 , during the first block of clinical placement , a critical incident occurred in the theatre during a knee ORIF surgical procedure . The procedure involves re-align ment of broken bones which are held together by surgical implants such as metal plate , rod , and screws . The team involved in the procedure were an orthopaedic surgeon , a consultant , an anaesthetist , a theatre nurse , a scrub nurse , a radiographer , and a student radiographer . During the procedure , the patient wasRead MoreBenefits Of A Non Surgical Rhinoplasty1412 Words   |  6 PagesA non-surgical rhinoplasty is also referred to as a non-surgical nose job, the â€Å"15-Minute Nose Job,† a liquid nose job or injection rhinoplasty. For some, this procedure can be used as a temporary substitute for surgical rhinoplasty. Dr. Sam Gershenbaum is a plastic and reconstructive surgeon who frequently performs non-surgical rhinoplasty procedures at his surgery center in Miami, FL. Non-Surgical Rhinoplasty Vs. Traditional Surgical Rhinoplasty Depending on what a patient would like to accomplishRead MorePerioperative Observation Experience. I Observed A Laparoscopic1323 Words   |  6 Pagescover pre-operative tasks, surgical procedure, anesthesia and interventions, roles and functions of the nurse, and surgical team members. I will also cover safety and comfort concerns along with nursing diagnoses related to this surgery. Pre-Operative Data Collection and Medications Pre-operative data collection was obtained in the ambulatory minor surgery unit (AMSU). A communication sheet was filled out that collects patient data such as their diagnosis, the procedure they are having, drug allergiesRead MoreThe Treatment Of Breast Cancer1248 Words   |  5 PagesEntire Breast A modified radical mastectomy – during this procedure, the surgical oncologist removes the entire cancerous breast, the lining that rests above the chest muscles as well as most of the patient’s lymph nodes that are located under her arm. In addition, patients may also need to have a portion of their chest wall muscle removed. 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In this case study Mr Knight, a 55 year old man is presenting to the operating room to undergo an exploratoryRead MorePrevention of a Surgical Site Infection1563 Words   |  6 PagesPrevention of Surgical Site Infection Prevention of Surgical Site Infection Method of obtaining necessary approval and securing support from your organizations leadership and fellow staff In order to obtain the necessary approval and support of the formal leadership of the organization and fellow workers, it is necessary to present well-documented presentation. This presentation would entail dangers relative to the surgical site infection and the need to eliminate or minimize the menace fromRead MorePreparing A Sterile Field Essay1091 Words   |  5 Pages Abstract Surgical asepsis, or aseptic technique is designed to eliminate all microorganisms, including spores and pathogens, from an object and to protect an area from these microorganisms. Surgical asepsis requires more precautions than medical asepsis. Breaks in technique result in contaminations, thus increasing a patients risk for infection (Church, 2009). Medical asepsis are used during procedures that require intentional perforation of a patient’sRead MoreRetention Of Surgical Pack : Abc Hospital1483 Words   |  6 Pages Retention of Surgical Pack – ABC Hospital MEMORANDUM To, Surgical Team, Instrumentation and Circulating Nurse, Risk Management Officer, Incident Management Team, Hospital Administration, ABC Hospital From, Kavitha Kulal ABC Hospital SUBJECT: Retention of Surgical Pack post surgery DATE: 15 September 2015 Retention of Surgical Pack: This memo is sent in context of a lawsuit received from the lawyer of Patient ‘Y’ regarding retention of a surgical pack in the patient, due to which theRead MoreClassification Of Information For The Healthcare System1008 Words   |  5 Pagesthe HCPCS which is the Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System are used in various medical settings. The CPT is published by the AMA yearly. CPT is used to help physicians, insurance companies and other medical providers to use a system for coding medical procedures performed. These codes are used with ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM. The CPT book includes four categories the first one consists of six main sections. The CPT codebook is used for each procedure and/or service performed by healthcare professionalsRead MoreWrong Site Surgeries1348 Words   |  6 Pagesbreakdown is considered the main cause of wrong site surgeries in the surgical team. The Joint Commission s universal protocol of time out is a very important and a helpful tool in preventing the wrong site surgeries, wrong person surgery, and wrong procedure. The factors causing the wrong site surgeries can be; †¢ presumption of surgical team members that someone else has confirmed surgical site and procedure †¢ surgeon failing to mark the site †¢ placing

Women Entrepreneurs And Social Incubators Essay - 1851 Words

In this chapter literature on women entrepreneurs and social incubators is discussed. It also explains the conceptual framework and conceptual map of the study.. 2.1 Concept of Women Entrepreneur Women or a group of women who initiate, organize and operates a business enterprise is defined as Women Entrepreneurs’. The Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51 per cent of the capital and giving at least 51 per cent of the employment generated in the enterprise to women. â€Å"Women Entrepreneur† is a person who accepts challenging role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent† (Meenu Goyal and Jai Prakash, 2011, pp. ). In India, these entrepreneurs are part of the larger sustainable development strategy employed by the policymakers. Evidence shows that Women entrepreneurship has already contributed to the economic growth across the world and women led enterprises are increasing in every country.. These enterprises also created a large number of job opportunities in their respective economies. Apart from this, these enterprises also crea ted new business solutions for the pressing social problems.Further in whole enterprises scenario, number of enterprises owned by women is very less compared to men. Government of India has implemented various schemes for development of such enterprises but impact is yet to be seen. Over the past few decades role ofShow MoreRelatedWomen Entrepreneurs And Social Incubators1879 Words   |  8 PagesCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter literature on women entrepreneurs and social incubators is discussed. It also explains the conceptual framework and conceptual map of the study.. 2.1 Concept of Women Entrepreneur Women or a group of women who initiate, organize and operates a business enterprise is defined as Women Entrepreneurs’. The Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51 per cent of theRead MoreScope of Entrepreneurship Development2767 Words   |  12 Pages35 years – more than the entire population of the United States! Each person, in this bold new generation, will be in the prime of his or her life, striving for a better tomorrow – creating, in the process, new growth opportunities, for budding entrepreneurs! On the most conservative basis, our domestic consumption, in virtually any sector, has the potential to at least double, or treble, from current levels – perhaps, just to catch up with a country like China! Then, there is the entire global opportunityRead MoreA List Of The Au Projects And Policies1508 Words   |  7 PagesAfrica Initiative. The MAP originated from the G8 summit, Japan 2000.1 NEPAD’s key aims are to reduce poverty, and address developmental issues, Africa’s marginalization and women empowerment. Current economic projects of NEPAD for the continent include: The NEPAD Agriculture and Food Security Program, the Spanish fund for Women Empowerment, and the African Continental Free Trade Area and Boosting of Intra Africa Trade under the guardianship of the African Trade Policy Centre, UNECA. 2:2 NEPAD’sRead MoreSocial Entrepreneurship and Venture Capital2516 Words   |  11 PagesPaper on Social Entrepreneurship and Venture Capital/Start-Up Funding Nothing can be nobler than wanting to improve the conditions of the world both on an environmental and sociological level. Those individuals and businesses that choose to take on society s problems are a special breed and they face an uphill battle not only in performing their work, but finding the financial resources to grow the business so that it can fulfill its mission. This paper will examine the industry of social entrepreneurshipRead MoreEmerging Trends in Entrepreneurship4541 Words   |  19 Pagesextended to include social and political forms of entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurship ranges in scale from solo projects to major undertakings creating many job opportunities. Many kinds of organizations now exist to support would-be entrepreneurs, including specialized government agencies, business incubators, science parks, and some NGOs. Lately more holistic conceptualizations of entrepreneurship as a specific mindset resulting in entrepreneurial initiatives in the form of social entrepreneurshipRead MoreProblems and Prospects of Women Entrepreneurship in Beauty Parlour: a Study in Sylhet.2684 Words   |  11 PagesProspects of Women Entrepreneurship in Beauty Parlour: A Study in Sylhet. Shahjalal University of Science Technology Department of Business Administration Executive Summary Recognition of the need of women entrepreneurship has grown considerably in Bangladesh over the recent years. Because of the recognition, more supportive environment has been created for the women and more and more women entrepreneurs are engagingRead MoreMau Lo Business Expansion1569 Words   |  7 Pagesshould be explored and increased for small businesses and entrepreneurs doing business in Atlanta, GA (Fulton County). Georgia State Legislators should use their influence to broaden funding opportunities in the City of Atlanta similar to the funding opportunities enjoyed by start-ups in Silicon Valley (Southern San Francisco Bay area). More specifically, State politicians should consider using their influence to assist young entrepreneurs (under the age of 20 years old) with funding for their smallRead MoreFirms Should Get Their House in Order Before Seeking to Manage Supplier.1728 Words   |  7 Pagesvending machine for intimate washing in public toilets – Sanitary Aqu a Vendo. This product promotes discipline use of water, preservation of trees through reduced consumption of tissue paper and prevention of urinary tract infection especially among women. So, how exactly does creativity work. Let’s us look at its anatomy. Throughout history, we see communities or places that have produced numerous creative products that literally changed the world, while equally prominent contemporary neighborsRead MoreEntrepreneurship: Successfully Launching New Ventures, 4e (Barringer/Ireland)6313 Words   |  26 PagesAACSB: Reflective Thinking Objective: Describe the role of entrepreneurs and small business 2) A(n) ________ is a favorable set of circumstances that creates a need for a new product, service, or business. A) idea B) scheme C) design D) proposal E) opportunity Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 43 Topic: Identifying and Recognizing Opportunities AACSB: Reflective Thinking Objective: Describe the role of entrepreneurs and small business 3) According to the textbook, opportunitiesRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 PagesWhat Motivates Entrepreneurship Socio-cultural Factors Access to Early Stage Finance Education, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Business Environment for Entrepreneurship Conclusion: Encouraging Entrepreneurship List of Stakeholders and Details of Entrepreneurs Surveyed Entrepreneurship Proï ¬ les Methodology List of Resources Glossary vii viii 1 9 21 29 49 71 89 97 105 163 165 169 Annexure II : Annexure III : Annexure IV : Annexure V : Table of Contents iii List of Figures Figure 1.1 : Figure

Directory Viruses Free Essays

There are many ways to sabotage a computer. Some malicious programs create software that automatically replicates itself and spreads throughout a computer’s file system to destroy it later. One of these virus types is called the Directory Virus. We will write a custom essay sample on Directory Viruses or any similar topic only for you Order Now From its name itself, one can know that it attacks the directory and file system of a computer. The computer uses a large file that contains information about its subdirectories and files. It includes information such as the starting cluster, the name, the time and date it was created or modified, attributes such as being read-only, and other information. Every time a file needs to be accessed, it searches for the directory entry and the starting cluster, an index to the File Allocation Table or FAT. All the other cluster addresses are in the FAT. So a Directory Virus infects clusters and allocates it in the FAT. It then targets other clusters and infects other files. The destructive code is usually with executable files such as the ones ending with . EXE or . COM. The location or paths to the computer’s files will then be changed by the Directory Virus so that it can infect other files. This will be done transparently, without the user’s knowledge, until the original files will be impossible to find. Eventually, the user’s files become useless (Spam Laws, 2009). In May 1991, the DIR II virus was discovered first in Bulgaria. It is also known as Creeping Death and was written by the same programmers who coded the DIR, MG and Shake viruses. At that time, it was considered to be unique since directory viruses were still unknown. It changed directory entries only and did not change the files (Hypponen, 2010). It was eventually followed by variants such as the DIR III and DIR BYWAY viruses. The BYWAY virus appeared first in mid 1995 in Venezuala, but was possibly authored by a Chinese programmer named Wai Chan since the code is signed â€Å"By Wai Chan† (PR Newswire, 1995). It is similar to the DIR II family of viruses but alters the technique slightly by modifying directories and cross linking executable files to point to a file named CHKLISTx. MSx, containing the viral code (Paris, 2010). The BYWAY virus has an interesting story since it reveals that people from different countries often disguise themselves using other countries. The Chinese search engine, Baidu, for example was attacked by malware that showed an Iranian flag, but Baidu doubts that it was Iranian. They believe that it was American hackers who did it. In the same way, the BYWAY virus claims that it was authored by Wai Chan on August 1994. And then when the virus is triggered, it pops out a message saying, â€Å"Trabajemos Todos Por Venezuela† which means, â€Å"We are all working for Venezuela.† It also plays music simultaneously, mimicking the Venezuelan national anthem. But it is likely that the real author is neither Venezuelan nor Chinese since crooks are not likely to leave their calling cards at the scene of the crime. It is also possible to remove the virus without using disinfecting software. Simply rename all . COM and . EXE files with non-executable extensions. The virus will automatically correct the FAT. Then reboot using a clean boot disk to remove the virus in memory, and rename everything back to its executable extensions. Do this for all hard disk partitions and the virus will be removed. Unfortunately, because viruses are popularly known to wreak havoc on computers, there is an urban myth propagating in the world that every time a PC doesn’t work properly, it is always caused by a virus (Rutter, 1999). However, the fact is that not all PC problems are caused by viruses. There may be manufacturer bugs in the software or incompatibility issues with the hardware or software. Or the computer may simply be malfunctioning like any other electronic device that eventually fails. How to cite Directory Viruses, Papers

Change of Circumstances and Termination

Question: Discuss about the Change of Circumstances and Termination. Answer: Introduction The present study involves issue on the legal rights and obligations of the contracting parties based on the regulations of contract law considering the elements of offer and acceptance of contract. The assignment further covers the analysis of contract law elements on form of legal relationship, intention to create legal relationship, consideration, consent and legal capacity for Clara and Joseph together with the analysis of legal capacity by Edward or Marshall. The assignment also involves the discussion and analysis of termination of contract, situations for breach of contract as well as probable remedies available to the affecting parties as per the regulations of Australian Contract Law. For the purpose of analyzing the establishment of contract between the parties, it is essential to identify the type contract entered between the parties as per the regulations of contract law. The present situation associates with the issue of failure of contingent condition in the contract work from the point of contracting party, which caused Clara and Joseph huge loss in terms of renovating the house floor. It is stated that Clara and Joseph entered into contract with Marshall to install the floating timber floor at the rate of $40 per square meter. However, the quote presented by Marshall included the term provider accepts no responsibility for defects in workmanship that was accepted by Joseph and the work started on 14 February 2017. During the process of work, the room was found flooded due to the carelessness of Marshall since the tool bag placed over the outlet of drainage system. In addition, Joseph entered into the contract at cheaper rate to complete the work as soon as the structural issues are recovered. Accordingly, the present situation incorporates the issue of legal rights and obligations to Joseph and Clara for the occurrence of flood within the room tha t destroyed the under processed timber flooring. According to the regulations of Australian Contract Law, the basic elements to bind a legal contract incorporate agreement, consideration, legal capacity, intention to create contract and certainty. In case any one of the basic elements is not present in the formation of contract, then the contract or agreement cannot be said to have formed as per the law (Austlii.edu.au 2017). In the present situation, contract between Joseph and Marshall incorporated all the basic elements with respect to agreement as the contract has been offered and agreed by both the parties against the consideration amounted to $40 per square meter. Further, both the parties, Joseph and Marshall considered to have capacity to enter in the legal contract in terms of legal age and sound mind. It has been noted that both the parties had intention to form the contract by incorporating certainty to complete the contracted work. Besides, consideration is the primary element to form a legal contract, which is a promis e to provide something in return for a receipt of promise (Townley and Riazi 2014). Referring to the case of Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth (1954) 92 CLR 424, contract between Joseph and Marshall had been supported by the consideration amount therefore, the contract was legally formed. Offer and Acceptance are the most basic and important elements of a legal contract that contains several terms and condition offered by the contractor and accepted by the contractee. In order to form a legal contract, it is essential to express the willingness to form contract that may be offered by stating definite terms and in any form like letter, email, newspaper advertisement or fax (Barroso and Sthel 2015). The present case was similar to the decided case of R v Clarke (1927) HCA 47 CLR 227 in which court held that the reward could not be claimed by Clarke since the act was not performed in reliance to the contracted offer. In case of Joseph and Marshall, the contract was formed based on the agreement mentioning that the workmanship defects will not be responsibility of Marshall that was accepted by Joseph. In addition, the decided case of Helmos Enterprises Pty Ltd v Jaylor Pty Ltd (2005) NSWCA 235 stated the legal contracting parties are required to have intention to create t he contract based on the commercial arrangements (Bayern 2015). In case of contract between Joseph and Marshall as well as the contract between Joseph and Edward involved intention to create the contract since, contract placed by Edward incorporated intention to complete the work against the consideration amount $38 per square meter. For a legal contract, it is essential to incorporate legal and genuine consent based on the reasonable grounds, which is referred in the decided case of Yerkey v Jones (1939) 63 CLR 6 (Ash and Cheesman 2016). In the present case, Joseph gave genuine consent to Marshall to complete the contracted work for the agreed amount as well as on agreed duration. The contract further involves the issue of termination and breach of contract under the regulations of Australian Contract Law. As per the principles of contract law, the rule of common law exists against the perpetuities stating that all the legal contract should include the clause of termination based on the completion of work or expiry of agreed contract duration (Austlii.edu.au 2017). The contract automatically terminates if the contract work is completed or if the fixed time of contract expires (Zagenczyk et al. 2015). Referring to the case of Battery World Pty Limited v Heavenly Bound Pty Limited (2009) NSWSC 1309, court held that the contract was not terminated automatically since the work was not completed and the duration was not expired. Similarly, in the present case, contract between Joseph and Marshall was not terminated as the flooring was due to be completed while the contracted time did not lapse. However, the contract may be terminated by other ways that includes, ex pression of right, implied right and subsequent agreement under which the contracting party is required to provide notice. In addition, if any specific event occurred, then the parties have the express right to terminate the contract that may incorporate the termination of contract by way of breach (Han 2016). As per the regulations of Australian Contract law, a contract can be terminated for breach of any terms or conditions by conducting the appropriate test to examine the contractual essentiality (Austlii.edu.au 2017). Considering the case of Fitzgerald v Masters (1956) 95 CLR 420, court held that the contract party found to breach the terms of contract and the party was supposed to repay the contracted money. In the present case, contract entered between Joseph and Marshall was not completed while Joseph terminated the contract alleging the failure in contract work performance of Marshall. Joseph contended that due the room was flooded due to placement of tool bag on the drainage outlet, which caused a portion of land was subsided while the floor was collapsed. Therefore, Joseph terminated the contract which formed termination by way of breach since the contract work and duration was still due. Similar to the case of Shevill v Builders Licensing Board (1982) 149 CLR 620, court held that contracting party was liable for the damages in the contracted work therefore. In the present case also, act of Marshall caused damage to Joseph and incurred heavy losses on part of breach of contract. Besides, Joseph did not accept any compensation amount as an apology from Marshall and eventually breached the contract. In view of the decided case laws and regulations of Australian Contract Law on breach of contract, it can be said that Joseph was liable to Marshall for breach of contract (Austlii.edu.au 2017). As the contract term offered by Marshall contained the condition provider accepts no responsibility for defects in workmanship, placement of tool bag on the drainage outlet could not be held Marshalls responsibility (Fried 2015). Besides, Joseph had the right to claim for compensatory damages as the tool bag was Marshalls property and he was responsible to place it appropriately. As the contract formed between Joseph and Marshall formed formal contract both the parties held liable as per the Australian Contract Law. Joseph was liable to breach the contract while Marshall was liable to incur contractual damage to the party due to lack of appropriate performance in the contract work. Accordingly, the remedy available to both the parties is to claim compensation for damages or the parties can claim award for specific performance and recession since the contract is a formal contr act. Conclusion Considering the above discussion on the legal formation of contract It can be concluded that Joseph and Marshall were the contracting parties. Contract between Joseph and Edward could be considered as contract as it incorporated all the basic elements but as Edward did not start the renovation work, it can be said that the Joseph was not held liable to for breach of contract. Besides, contract between Joesph and Marshall was terminated by way of breach due to the contractual work damage hence both the parties held liable to compensate for respective damages. Joseph and Marshall can apply for the contractual remedy that may be received in the form of compensatory damages as well as compensation for specific performance. Reference List and Bibliography Andrews, N., 2016. Remedies for Breach of Contract. InArbitration and Contract Law(pp. 279-333). Springer International Publishing. Ash, A. and Cheesman, E., 2016. Employment: Post-employment restraint after repudiation of an employment contract.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal, (21), p.76. Austlii.edu.au. 2017.Australasian Legal Information Institute (AustLII). [online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/ [Accessed 1 Feb. 2017]. BARMES, E., 2016. Remedies for Breach and for Wrongful Dismissal. Barroso, L.A. and Sthel, L.P., 2015. The Role of Objective Good Faith in Current Contract Law: For a General Duty of Inter Partes Cooperation and Solidarity.J. Civ. L. Stud.,8, p.187. Bayern, S., 2015. Offer and Acceptance in Modern Contract Law: A Needles Concept.Cal. L. Rev.,103, p.67. Fried, C., 2015.Contract as promise: A theory of contractual obligation. OUP Us. Han, S., 2016. Force majeure, change of circumstances and termination of contract.Journal of Law, Society and Development,3(1), pp.31-44. Hiscock, M.E., 2016. The Universality of Good Faith and Moral Behaviour: A Challenge for the Principles of Asian Contract Law. InLegal Thoughts between the East and the West in the Multilevel Legal Order(pp. 355-367). Springer Singapore. Spitko, E.G., 2016. The Will as an Implied Unilateral Arbitration Contract.Fla. L. Rev.,68, p.49. Townley, A. and Riazi, M., 2014. Analysis of authentic legal negotiation: Implications for teaching contract negotiation to undergraduate law students.International Journal of Language Studies,8(4). Zagenczyk, T.J., Cruz, K.S., Cheung, J.H., Scott, K.L., Kiewitz, C. and Galloway, B., 2015. The moderating effect of power distance on employee responses to psychological contract breach.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,24(6), pp.853-865.

Cell Communication Essays - Cell Signaling, Cell Biology

Cell Communication Physiology In the human body there are many parts that work together in order for everything to function properly, but even these parts need to have a way to know what to do. This is where cell communication comes into play. Tiny cells in the body contain astounding networks that allow for this communication. Scientists are discovering why these messages from cell to cell are so efficient, and this could lead to new therapies for diseases. In the past 15 years, scientists have discovered more of the code the cells use for their internal communications. Signal transmission begins when a messenger "docks" temporarily with a specific receptor on a recipient cell. This receptor is physically connected to the cytoplasm, and because of this is able to relay a message. The receptor is usually a protein that includes three domains: an external docking region for the messenger, a component that spans the cell's outer membrane, and a tail that extends into the cytoplasm. When the messenger binds to the external site, it generates a change in the shape of the tail. This eases the tail's interactions with the information-relaying molecules in the cytoplasm, which lead to more cellular signaling. Through this knowledge, the question of how messages reached their destinations without being diverted along the way was aroused. Efforts began to identify the first cytoplasmic proteins that are contacted by activated (messenger-bound) receptors in a large and important family: the receptor tyrosine kinases. The receptors transmit the commands of hormones, which control replication, specialization, or metabolism of cells. The binding of hormones to receptor tyrosine kinases at the cell surface causes the individual receptor molecules to cluster into pairs and to attach to phosphates to the tyrosines on each other's cytoplasmic tails. The altered receptors interact directly with proteins that contain a module they call an SH2 domain, which refers to a sequence of about 100 amino acids, that adopts a defined structure within a protein. Knowledge of the time held that the messages were transmitted within cells primarily through enzymatic reactions, where one molecule alters a second without tightly binding to it and without being distorted. The receptors did not necessarily alter the chemistry of the SH2-containing proteins. Many merely stimulated the SH2 domains to latch onto the phosphate-decorated tyrosines. The scientists were also left to figure how the nonenzymatic modules contribute to swift and specific communication in these cells. They discovered that when a protein that bears a linker also includes an enzymatic module, attachment of the linker region to another protein could position the enzymatic where it most needs to be. In the case of certain SH2-containing proteins, the linker module may originally be folded around the enzymatic domain in a way that blocks the enzyme's activity. When the SH2 domain unfurls to engage an activated receptor, the move releases the enzyme to work on its target. Even when a full protein is formed from nothing but protein-binding modules, it can function as an indispensable adapter. One module plugs into a developing signaling complex, and the other modules allow more proteins to join the network. The adapters enable cells to make use of enzymes that otherwise might not fit into a particular signaling circuit. Nonenzymatic modules can support communication in other ways. Some molecules contain a protein-binding module and a DNA-binding module that meshes with a specific sequence of DNA nucleotides. When a protein attaches, through its linker module, to an activated receptor kinase, the interaction spurs the bound protein to detach, move to the nucleus and bind to a particular gene, which induces the synthesis of a protein. In this illustration, the only enzyme in the signaling chain is the receptor itself. Another area of progress developed in the study of the cytoplasm, as the work demonstrated that cytoplasm is not really amorphous as it was once thought to be. It is packed densely with organelles and proteins. These findings proved that high fidelity signaling within cells depends on the interlocking of selected proteins through dedicated linker modules and adapter proteins. These complexes secure that enzymes and their targets are brought together swiftly and in the proper sequence as soon as a receptor at the surface of the cell is activated. Studies of receptor tyrosine kinases and

Free Essays on Winamp Skins

on the skin. The pledit.txt file defines the font and color of the playlist text, and almost all colors are specified in hexidecimal format. (You should change only the name of the font and the values of the color; messing around with other text might result in an unsightly or nonfunctional skin.) For Advanced Users The region.txt file lets you define which portions of Winamp you want to show and which you want to be transparent. This can be useful if you want to change the shape. The copy of region.txt in the skin includes comprehensive documentation; be sure to read the whole file before editing it. If you don't want to make any region changes, you ca... Free Essays on Winamp Skins Free Essays on Winamp Skins Step One Create a new folder in C:/Program Files/Winamp/Skins, and call it something you'll remember, such as My Winamp Skin Rocks. Then unzip the contents of the Winamp base skin into that folder. You'll find 27 files ending in .cur, 15 files ending in .bmp, and three files ending in .txt. Step Two Click the curvy Menu symbol at the very top left of Winamp, then click Skin Browser and choose the folder you created in step one as the Current Skin. You can design your skin by editing the BMP files in your favorite photo editor and the CUR files in a cursor editor. Paste in photographs, change the texture of the image, or just randomly scribble over everythinghow your skin turns out is up to you and you alone. Step Three Get a sense of which files correspond to which graphical elements in Winamp by comparing the BMP files you're editing with a live, running Winamp program. (After all, you need to be listening to tunes in order to create.) The names of the files indicate their purposes; for example, EQTitle.cur is the cursor that pops up when you mouse over the equalizer's title bar. Restart Winamp to see changes you've made take effect. Step Four Finally, edit Winamp's TXT files in any text editor (Notepad, which comes standard with Windows, should work fine) to change words on the skin. The pledit.txt file defines the font and color of the playlist text, and almost all colors are specified in hexidecimal format. (You should change only the name of the font and the values of the color; messing around with other text might result in an unsightly or nonfunctional skin.) For Advanced Users The region.txt file lets you define which portions of Winamp you want to show and which you want to be transparent. This can be useful if you want to change the shape. The copy of region.txt in the skin includes comprehensive documentation; be sure to read the whole file before editing it. If you don't want to make any region changes, you ca...

Would Islamic financial system be able to prevent the current global Dissertation

Would Islamic financial system be able to prevent the current global financial crisis Discuss - Dissertation Example ided direct effects of the global financial crisis of 2008 because the crisis did not occur in their financial markets.5 Whether or not Islamic banks were more stable, or simply avoided the direct effects of the global financial crisis 2008, all indications are that Islamic banks apparently outperformed conventional banks during the global financial crisis. Given the differences in risk taking and discipline in conventional banking and Islamic banking and differences in performance during the global financial crisis 2008, this research paper investigates whether or not Islamic banking systems provides a model of banking that would have averted prevented the global financial crisis of 2008. ... 2006) Ownit Mortgage, Part-Owned by Merrill, Shuts Down, available at; http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aKO4CvD700gI 18 See also Ben Bland (Jul 2007) Bear Stearns hedge funds wiped out, available at; http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2812344/Bear-Stearns-hedge-funds-wiped-out.html 18 1.2. Research Questions____________________________________________________9 1.3. Aim and Objectives____________________________________________________9 1.3.1. Aim__________________________________________________________9 1.3.2. Objectives_____________________________________________________9 1.4. Significance of the Study________________________________________________10 1.5. Purpose of the Study____________________________________________________11 1.6. Research Methodology__________________________________________________12 1.7. Organisation of the Study________________________________________________12 Chapter Two: The Global Financial Crisis 2008: Causes and Conseque nces__________14 2.1. Introduction__________________________________________________________14 2.2. Causes of the Global Financial Crisis 2008_________________________________14 2.3. Consequences of the Global Financial Crisis 2008___________________________20 2.4.Conclusion ___________________________________________________________22 Chapter Three: Islamic Banking: Principles, Policies and Practices________________23 3.1. Introduction__________________________________________________________23 3.2. Principles of Islamic Banking____________________________________________23 3.3. Practices and Policies __________________________________________________27 3.4. Conclusion

Music and Color (which ones positively affect employees,which ones Essay

Music and Color (which ones positively affect employees,which ones negatively affect them) - Essay Example â€Å"Music in the workplace promotes positive mood, sense of team, improves alertness and can lessen the event of accidents† (Marshall 2007). There is a mood threshold beyond which productivity rapidly decreases. The high value attributed to the use of light music rather than classical music partly reflects the generally low level of effectiveness achieved by classical music. â€Å"Music â€Å"motivates workers, decreases boredom and leads to increased productivity perhaps because people work in time with the beat† (le Roux 2005 cited Marshall 2007). Music also means that people can learn more effectively and work more creatively, and hence sustain stress more effectively. Ability to work together harmoniously, or cope with unforeseen circumstances, points towards people feeling healthy, having a sense of well-being, having high morale and being able to accept more responsibility. In general, music allows people respond to work situations more positively. (Goodman 200 7). Similar to music, colors have great impact on employees and their mood. Pronounced colors have a negative impact on productivity increasing distress, low self-esteem and aspirations (Birren 23). In the long term, dark colors can have secondary effects on health and that visible flickering can have profound effects on the human nervous system. The trend towards darker colors is unlikely to affect health adversely, and may indeed be advantageous. The trend could have negative consequences for health if it were shown that the increasing levels of ambient light at night affect circadian rhythms. Improvements in brightness and the evenness of spectral power may be beneficial. In particular, the move towards a greater use of green, yellow and white is likely to be good for both health and performance. Intervention to ensure a healthy working environment should always be the first step towards improving productivity and work

Way Of Narration In A Rose For Emily Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Way Of Narration In A Rose For Emily - Essay Example For example, the narrator states that â€Å"We did not say she was crazy then. We believed she had to do that† (318). This was in reference to when she refused to admit that her father had died. Of course, it is likely that some people might have thought that she was, in fact, crazy, because it is unlikely that the entire town held the same opinion about this event. It would have been distracting to the story if the narrator had attempted to portray all of the feelings that of the people of the town regarding the events. This was the view that was given because it also led to the assertion that she had nothing left because her father had driven away all of her suitors. For the sake of brevity and because it let the narrator give some exposition in regards to why Emily would not have gotten married, the narrator necessarily had to be in some sense unreliable.Beyond the fact that the narrator was limited in the information that was available, the amount of information was limite d by the fact that Emily was a very secretive person, and there were long periods of time in which nobody actually got any sort of information about her. For example, the narrator states that â€Å"From that time on her front door remained closed save during a period of six or seven years, during which she gave lessons in china-painting† (320). Because she was so secretive, the narrator was forced to make more inferences in regards to Emily than would have to be made about any of the other people of the town.

Environmental Impact Assessment Report On Malaysian Airport Project Construction Essay

Environmental Impact Assessment Report On Malaysian Airport Project Construction Essay The first system to assess the environmental impact was developed by US in 1970, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been used widely over the world and it has become the most crucial tools in implemented any projects or planning process. Until now, almost 55 countries have starting to use formal EIA system measurement, not only that about 100 countries have implement the EIA measures system (Haklay et al., 1998). Compared to other countries in this world, Malaysia has been the top countries to adapt with EIA. As a proof Malaysia has develop the Environmental Quality Act 1974 in Third Malaysia Plan, Department of Environment and an Environmental Quality Council has been setup to smooth the planning process in the national level. In Environment Quality Act 1984, section 34A extended the environment impact assessment legislation; however in 1986 the act amends that require assessment for all private and public projects which may be have high impact on the environment. Besides tha t, in 1998 EIA will be implemented as whole and made it mandatory to all the project to be implemented (Barroe, 1997). Environmental assessment report intended to assess the environmental impacts of airport project proposed by Janji Manis Corporation (JMC) to replace the new airport in Subang to Sepang, as what been stated in the JMC Development Plan to build an airport in the capital city of Malaysia in accordance to fulfil the needs of the globalization and demand of the market. Besides that, the current airport required to accommodate market demand for the airport with increasing numbers of consumers, thus new airport will be able to offers the demand of the users. However, according to the Department of Environment of Malaysia, any project to be implemented must get the approval from the department to ensure that the project would not be jeopardized the environment in airport project area. Besides that, the project also must include all formalities needed such as giving briefing session to the residence of the place involved, local councils, state authority, agencies and various environmental rel ated people. For example giving explanation to the society in Sepang where the airport project to be implemented. Besides that, there are several procedures need to be completed before the decision to allow the project to be implement. Among the procedures involve are, preliminary assessment, detailed assessment and review assessment report. Where preliminary assessment main objectives are to examine the project proposal and select the best project options which are available, secondly, identify and integrate into the project preparation to appropriate abatement and mitigating appropriate measures; and to identify important residual on the environmental impacts. Besides that, in second procedure in preparing detailed assessment done by describes the significant enduring environmental impacts that were predicted from the final project plan prepared; to specify the mitigating and the abatement measures needed in the final project preparation; and identify the costs on environment and the benefits can be obtain from the airport project to the local community involved in order for critically review the detailed assessment reports the steps needed are by evaluating the development and costs of the environmental and bene fits of the final project plan to the society; to formulate and recommending and guidelines to the project that been approved to the relevant authority so that the project can be implemented. In the other hand, EIA requires detail analysis because of probable effects to the environment from the airport project. EIAs require systematic analysis of the potential impacts, secondly the projects to be carried out with proposal of mitigation measures, thirdly, to get the detail economics valuation of the impact and suggesting the best alternative to be choose, and finally be able to prepare the environmental management plan. The Process in Preparing EIA Every EIA needs the Terms of Reference (TOR) which can be develop via scoping. The output expected through scoping are: Identify the probability impact on environment or other concerns on environment to be considered and also need to further investigate from EIA report. Identify components of the environment that need comprehensive study. Determine the correct method and approach that appropriate in order to carry out EIA study. Identify the specific interest that might be occur in consultation before the EIA been carry out. Identify the need appropriately in to EIA context especially before the project can be implemented. The next step of EIA analysis must follow the key important activities of the airport project: Describing Environmental Condition of the New Airport Project Area It is crucial to run the EIA study by examining the baseline information about the area biophysical, social and economic, and this will be the reference to the new airport project. Therefore, according to the proposal of new airport in Sepang provide the appropriate information on the geology of the place which mostly the land that plant palm. Furthermore, the land is suitable because its good structure of the soil. Thus such area offers good potential to build the new airport. The location between the new airport area and Subang (current) location is 55.6 kilometers to south of Malaysia, and is bounded by Nilai Highway, Lekas Highway and Federal Highway that connecting short distance and smooth way to new airport location. Furthermore, the new airport location has some native foliage, described as oil palm plantation, but most of the area is predominantly vacant. Previously the area was occupying Felda Corporation, however the land was beneficial for commercial and development thus it has been given the authority to JMC to build the new airport in that particular location. Besides that, until today there were no threatened of ecological was reported in that area by Department of Environment of Malaysia. However, in order to sustain the environment the new airport project will consider the preservation of environment, which predominantly by sustaining the rest of the land by palm plantation and the new airport will be build based on green technology and will also sustaining three main elements of sustainable, that is environment, economics and social. Besides that, the located area also accommodating the crop industry and the project will distract the habitat however it is believed that the habitat can be transferred to the nearest location near Tiroi and the area is believed having significant ability to place the habitat that need to be sustain. Furthermore, the new airport location is located far away from housing area and also satellite area and this will ensure that the location will not distract the residence or society in Sepang. Additionally, this project will be able to offer the local society of the economic development by offering jobs and transportation development with good system and condition of road and many aspects that might effects the local lifestyle or living opportunities. Environmental Impacts Associated with the New Airport Project Traffic The location of new airport is bounded by Federal Highway and surrounded by Jalan Utara and Jalan Semangat Bypass. The location can be access via Federal Highway using Nilai Exit, and all kind of vehicles, including semitrailers, commercial vehicles and flat trucks will bring the material of construction or the oil palm industries transportation. As an additional the nearest palm plantation company has some restriction to be obeyed, due to limited usage of Jalan Utara and Semangat including the bridge. Currently about 15,000 are vehicles using the road way along Jalan Utara and Jalan Semangat. Besides that, according to Average weekday traffic flow 2008/09 has found that the average total of traffic throughout the peak hour (7:15 am to 8:15am) was about 3,000 vehicles southbound, and 550 vehicles westbound. Furthermore, the common traffic surge for the noon peak hours (5:10 pm to 6:15pm) consists of about 590 vehicles southbound, and 790 vehicles westbound. Furthermore, JMC has indomitable that the new airport will raise the traffic about 2.2% (340 vehicles) of present daily of the traffic on weekdays. Jalan Utara is a three lane wideway. As a results JMC has organize discussions with the local authority for Malaysia Planning and Infrastructure (MPI) on the possibility of the street being upgraded to a four lane dual roadway in the medium to long term. The main challenge for JMC is when the public raised about the increased the problems of traffic in the area. Particularly they are concern about the threat on the safety of their children and neighbouring community, and how do Jalan Utara to absorb the extra vehicles come to their area roadway. In other hand, JMC has planned to use the airport site from Jalan Utara. Both Jalan Utara and Jalan Semangat can only maintain the semi-trucks, and the permits are obtained from the State Government of Negeri Embilan to permit Double-Big trucks on those particular roads. Jalan Utara also has a big bridge (Jalan Utarra Bridge) in excess of a gas produces which will need to be upgraded if Double-Big trucks are to access over the bridge. JMC has dedicated to face the cost involve to upgrade the bridge if required to do so. JMC has suggested three diverse traffic circumstances in the MDP. Situation 1 is to embark on with no development on the roads, and apply the semi-trailers for materials trans portation. Situation 2 is to obtain the necessary permits, and improve the bridge on Jalan Utara, to enable Double-Big trucks to enter the roads. Situation 3 is by obtaining permits for Double-Big trucks to enter Jalan Utara, however they need to take a route that not using the bridge. JMC of course prefers Situation 1 at this point. JMC also has taken for action the public worries in the MDP as follows: The major concern for the children is the western section of Jalan Utara. JMC plans to initiate truck drivers not to enter that part of road; All road installation will be obeyed to the endorsement with the relevant right, and the number of trips, transfer of services with any other issue will be integrated; and Raw materials of the projects will only be elated between 6:10am and 6:10pm. Around 10 truck (semi-trailers) travels are likely to be used during peak times. Services The new airport project will require JMC to upgrades the existing services that available, and also to supply the new services that necessary. The project area is located adjacent to an existing gas processing of Petronas, and also has access to the electricity area. JMC promises to upgrade the electricity and enhance the area power supply, and also to get access to the gas production so that they will meet the requirements of a airport construction. Area Sewage Treatment The project site is not getting serviced by sewer mains to the local, and JMC has plans to install a nutrient replace on-site treatment unit needed. Consultant for JMC has taken for action that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The system firstly must be able to hold the quantity of waste generated, and may need local council authority and Health Department of Malaysia approval; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A sewage disposal area would be needed to be recognized and would also need to be at least 36m from the nearest bay à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sewage disposal by using irrigation would not be appropriate for location where the water table is located or too close to the ground surface system; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Blended soils may be needed under the irrigated location in environmentally sensitive location and to prevent nutrient discharge to the groundwater system. Disproportionate release of nutrients to the site could also result in blemish of waterways. JMC has not point up that issue in the MDP. Water The location needed a ring central part to carry town water to the place for fire-fighting. JMC explain that mostly the water used in construction will be sourced from surplus and irk water, and also depending on the available quality of the bore water system. Besides that, storm water drainage planned to be modified in order to collect run-off from the cemented and roof location and it again will then be transferred to a series of drainage place available. JMC suggest re-using most of this water for construction and dust control. Additionally, some of that used water may be spoiled with unwanted silt and clay, so JMC suggest lining the first setup water pond to prevent leakage. JMC also suggest working on an interceptor pit in to thee handle removal of any oil residues system, in the event if accidental spillage that might happen. Lighting In other hand the public concern was also point up about the lighting on the location impacting to the flora and fauna in the involve area, and residential areas nearby. JMC suggests focusing the lights on the traffic place of the work area nearby. JMC also plans to position additional outside lighting so that will ensure it will not obstruct with the amenity of neighbours place. All external lighting planned will be placed in unity with the Malaysia Standard (1999). Dust Airport construction activities may cause dust during ground trouble in involved area. However, this is not expected to be happen or a concern during the working phase of the construction, as exterior areas will be impermeable, and restricted dust is expected to be generated by strict control. Thus, public worries raised the issue of dust from the project. JMC has promised to minimize the dust by put in work the standard dust control measurement such as wind fencing, hydro-mulching and spraying water. Noise Another aspects need to be consider by JMC is noise levels that will increases during the construction of the new airport at the expected area. Besides that, heavy earthmoving tools, trucking of spoil and dewatering, will have the possible to generate high volume of noise during the new airport construction. Increased of noise will also occur by the trucks and other equipment related such as forklifts during operation of the project. However, public concerns of these issues have been raised especially about the increased noise volume from equipment and trucks used. JMC plan that all equipment will be maintained in good working condition and with the standard noise mufflers will be used to ensure excessive noise will not be generated. Furthermore, airport construction activities will be only occur during the working day, and all the trucks will only be enter and leave the involved area between 6.10am and 6.10pm during operations time. JMC has also promised to conduct the ambient noise monitoring system for every 3 months time during working phase, and the annually monitoring after normal operations originated. Flora and Fauna Flora The location is largely cleared of shrubbery. However, JMC suggest clearing the residual remainder plant life on the 28ha area, with remainder shrubbery being preserved on the planned perimeter and non development place. The parts of the area will be widely re-vegetated with suitable local species to give a visual and resonance barrier of the project. JMC also states that the project area has been acknowledged by MDP as a no priority place and completely under the MDP Master Plan 2008 Priority43 and No Priority place will not issue to further assessment needed. The project area, Sepang Oil Palm plantation and the adjacent vegetation has also been included into a Farm Forever area due its flora and fauna diversity importance. Farm Forever is a Malaysia Government idea and identifies regionally important farmland to be reserved and confined forever. However, the public concerns have been again point out about the effects of fluoride emissions on the shrubbery and the probability of los s of the Farm Forever area. The effects of fluoride emissions are taken to action in the part Emissions. JMC has also stated that Farm Forever is a Negeri Sembilan State based development instrument that is not steady with the Malaysia Master Planning process Fauna There a number of fauna surveys have been done by DOE of Malaysia on Sepang land. DOE has formally recorded 159 species of vertebrates living organisms, but with only a fairly small amount occurring in the project area. Besides that, a number of scheduled endangered species may be occurring on the area. JMC also states that prior to any clearing is work on, JMC will responsible to conduct a review to position any related species, and remove them from the area in concurrence with WWF principle. According to EPBC Act 1999 JMC would need to attain a part 15 permit to relocate the listed species in any Commonwealth land countries. Air Emissions Airport project expected to emit various sparkling pollutants into the location of the atmosphere. Those pollutants stated include oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOC), oxides of Carbon (COx) oxides of Sulphur (SOx), Hydrogen Fluoride (HF), and Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). Normally emissions are created primarily by the placing phase of airport project working. Health Impacts Acidic gases from new airport project expecting to correlate with varies aspect of the health impacts to the society. The health impacts effects include the problem of itchy eyes and particularly affecting asthmatics, respiratory sensitivity. Furthermore, gaseous emissions also could be mostly harmful to the community with already facing respiratory problems before. Besides that, the main focus for health problems are about the existing development project in the Sepang area have been point out in the previous year. The Sepang Primary School were closed in 1998, after the teachers and students of that school complained of eye, throat, nose and nose bleeds, burnt lips and skin irritations problems. As a results the Ministry of Health of Malaysia run the investigations to study at the emissions from the close development project and farm process. The problems caused by high volume of poisonous emissions, such as sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrogen fluoride were absorb in the area air, however due to circumstances there were no conclusion was strained on the cause of the contaminants in Sepang. Nonetheless, the local Hospital incinerator was closed and the school nearby was later relocated to suitable place in Sepang. JMC reported that all emissions need to be within the stated strategy as revealed by the modelling of the plan. JMC also explain that there was no exact proven that the direct facts to relation the project emissions to the health of residents who complaints at Sepang Primary School. Though, there have been many reports of difficult health trouble around active farming projects in Sepang. The reported health problems also could be source by short period events when the emissions have over the guideline volume stated. JMC has given a health risk measurement from the Department of Chemical of Malaysia. Tha t measurement is based on the backdrop volume of air ambient at Negeri Sembilan, which is 4-7km from the new Sepang airport. Additionally, Hazard Index (HI) was designed based on the amount of Health Quotient (HQ) of each pollutant factor. Besides that, the HI has been used to decide the risk of growing property of diverse pollutants factor. Besides that, the compliance of the Government of Malaysia has written remarks on the situation of health impacts commencing the Health Department of Malaysia (HDoM). However, the HDoM explain that the stated level of substances can all effects the respiratory system and give the high impact and certainly can effects the health and may be cumulative in given system. The HDoM also explain that the measured HI of 0.6 for the airport project, 2.08 in the collective impact of JMCs project plan, and the present setting assess would not be insignificant, as the pollutants factor in issue are respiratory system irritants on health. The HDoM proved changes in respiratory morbidity, together with hospital registration, mostly for asthmatics case, are likely at verdict standards of the given substances and are believed to have a probable impact of the place as expected. In addition, HDoM describe in the condotion that cannot be complete in factor on vitality impacts with no added in turn given . In response to the HDoM remarks, JMC hired Cemerlang Associates Pty Ltd to testimony on supplementary in sequence and explanation concerning health risk evaluation. Besides that, the testimony explains that when using HQ and HIis ordinary preparation, and is a conventional method that has a potential to overvalue the threat, and if the HQ value is bigger than 1 it should be research further. JMC also query some portion of the data used by HDoM to draw its report, and explain that the particular statistics used in Department of Chemical of Malaysia research are imitative from the maximum setting subsistence which exist on diverse term. Though, as prominent exceeding, this study is mainly imitative from in sequence from Negeri Sembilan, rather than the new airport area. The DoE Airport Licensing Policy (2002) was run to point the civic worries about the health impacts from the emissions and the existing farm industries area. Furthermore, it describe: It is obvious since the mass of proof over some years that contact to emissions of acid gas (mainly HCl, with some aid from HF) have source verifiable of unpleasant health of the effects, above all respiratory sensitivity and itchy eyes. The policy document describes the variety of factors take into consideration to determine ambient quality standards of air for needed acid gases omitted, and suggested procedure for load emissions to point them. An additional public worries have been point out that there are at present health problems that due to the gas emissions happen from the existing projects and industries, and that production of new project will give and additional to the pollutant caused. The active contaminant freight will be accepted to drop when the DoE project policy on dropping the emission s is completely put in work. Management, Monitoring and Compliance Relating to New Airport Project A vital element in shaping the adequacy of a plan is the capability to forecast and administer the impacts with buoyancy. The administration of the plan requires occurring in mutually the production and functioning stage. Throughout the construction stage of this plan, criterion construction management to be estimated to be able to sufficiently point out all kind impacts on the environmental, as those effects can be estimated with buoyancy. Nonetheless, the effective stage is much more difficult as proved by the DoE Airport Policy (2002) which can be found a variety of insignificant in the regulation and monitoring of the works of other Sepang farm works. Besides that, there are still uncertainties on the working side of this plan mainly with consider to the new accumulation equilibrium method for ensuring the satisfactory volume of the emissions that omitted by the project. These suspicions are over value by the detail that the foundation and description of inputs to the procedure h ave not yet been concluded. A numeral of community submissions have point out worries about whether the plan facility can be administered with the necessary degree of severity. The DoE Airport Licensing Policy (2002) focuses that the fact in a sound conformity system can be complicated to manage even for a government department with skill and possessions to manage all industrial facilities in the country. The DoE Airport Licensing Policy (2002) has planned new approach of amendable and monitoring observance. This has raises the regulatory problems for DoE and it also may need to take some time ahead of it acquires the knowledge and sympathetic of the manufacturing processes to be convinced that it will attain ongoing fulfilment. An importance adaptive of a management method will almost positively be necessary in attaining in progress observance given the reservations concerned. JMC have explained that there are sufficient authoritarian systems in place to administer the airport faci lity required. It explains that this only can be done throughout the requests of the Airports Act 1996, and via hire activities with Negeri Sembilan. Furthermore, guideline through Government legislation is commonly required for developed facilities like the airport project. Suitable knowledge and needs to legalize manufacturing facilities commonly include the stop work area, the capability to carry out random survey and test on the emissions omitted, and a perceptive of substance and engineering procedure when developing and to evaluate a bunch balance methods. The plan is to control the airport in Sepang is to some extent diverse from existing developments of the commercial airport, and current new authoritarian problems for the Department of Transport. Negeri Sembilan state has also assured that it can control the tender through leasing engagements. Conversely the guideline of such performance through renting with the private institution presents the challenges. Negeri Sembilan s tate has also marks the likelihood of astringent DoE to point the weakness of authoritarian experience in commerce with industrialized facilities that exist. In other hand, Negeri Sembilan state itself is not based to the same parliamentary requirements as own government, with the respect to the public precision and responsibility. Deparmental Summary on the Airport Project Following is the outline of the Departmental proposal point in above: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The traffic alternative situation 1 wills consequence in a imperfect effects on community areas provided that the trucks will not use the western part of Jalan Utara. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Standard supervision that measures can point the environmental effects of improvement and providing the services such as lighting, water, power and sewage. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Department of the Environment of Malaysia need to develop the Airport Licensing Policy 2002 to point the difficult environmental effects of existing and future projects, and the Negeri Sembilan state claims that the plan is contradictory with the planning policies planned. Furthermore, given such factors with the public worries about the plan, the procedural researches given to date are not measured sufficient to address probable effects. The matter of other fatalities of amenity, like house standards is a issue of consideration for the Minister for Transport. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Standard administration method can point the environmental effects from the dust. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Standard administration method can point the environmental effects from noise. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Standard administration method can point the environmental effects that may happen from changes on the hydrology system. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No effects should happen to Sepang if the groundwater and shell water flows left from the area. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No studies were run on the area currently to assess the value of the remainder shrubbery, or their uses by the listed endangered species are. Consequently even if the area is despoiled, no remarks can be haggard by the Department of environment on the significance of the area for listed endangered species. JMC has not planned any alleviation method other then the translocation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Although a summary can be pinched that it is probable to boundary acid gas emitted by the choosing meticulous types of material, JMC has not been established that it should be capable to admittance that material, or reporting detail on the essential wants of the chemical masterpiece of the material to meet the needed objective. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ JMC explain that the plan should meets the safety desires of Air Services, and the required stack height of material to meets the guidelines. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ JMC has working with the modelling on air emissions omitted using the best accessible in sequence. Nonetheless no data of the ambient air quality on the relevant pollutants was accessible for the planned airport area. Given the inefficiency pointed, the Department is not really pleased that the in sequence given to day is adequately thorough to wrap up that the modelling pointed air quality worries. Therefore the Department will not be secure that the plan will not conclude in difficult health from the impacts, if only as of the hesitation about the active pollutant load and the speed with which existing projects will reduce their emissions that omitted by the industries. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Standard organization method can point the impacts of the environmental from the stench. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The plan will require with a greater authoritarian participation than usual airport developments. Dictatorial employees with suitable expertise related to airport operations and also with the capability to interfere in those important operations, if needed, will be necessary in given that assurance that an adaptive organization method can consequence in a sound observance system. The sufficiency of the active authoritarian powers based from the Airports Act 1996, and also the proficiency of the Department of Transport to control such actions, is a issue for the Minister of Transport to consider when they planned on the adequacy of the suggestion. Conclusion This project plan has point out important on public worries through the community review term. The Department also remarks that the technologies needed for the facility that have not been formerly used in Negeri Sembilan; that the key fundamentals of the plan like the foundation and description of material need to be used in the project and are yet to be dogged; and the planned method to ascertain and observe observance have not been fully take into consideration. These circumstances could be able to settle throughout an adaptive administration method to guideline, whereby clear of the outcomes and also the aims can be set and administration approaches attuned over the time on the foundation of practice. This method needs a close operational association between controller and advocate with the capability for the controller to arbitrate, rapidly if essential, if the required outputs are not being attained. A sufficient audit or supervision role is necessary for thriving adaptive administration. Despite the fact that Negeri Sembilan state and JMC are very confident that the projected facility ought not unfavourably effects on the atmosphere and that an sufficient authoritarian system is in place throughout the needs of the Airports Act, still it is uncertain to the Department, besides that, guideline through rental schedule, would be adequately pro-active to point the potential failures to be achieve and desired objectives. Furthermore, given the community worries about the suggestion, such fear is improbable to give ease to local people. However, the Department need to supports the suggestion by Negeri Sembilan state to deal with DoE to point out they require of authoritarian practice in dealing with the industrialized facilities such as projects involved. Nonetheless, such astringent would need to be included in a clear and officially workable instrument for DoE so that they can take suitable authoritarian achievement should it be necessary. The Department should consider that the suggestion should only carry on if numerals of reservations are confirmed to the contentment of the Malaysia Government; i. A scrupulous authoritarian system is in position to certify that the suggestion meets the principles set out in the evaluation certification equipped by the supporter and that immediate and efficient counteractive act will be occupied should that establish not to be the main case; ii. The promoter should reveal that it will have to acce

Yellowstone National Park Essay -- Parks Recreation

Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park is one of the largest and oldest national parks in American history. Yellowstone was the first park to be protected by private investment on March 1, 1872, and the first to be put under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service in 1918, no doubt due to its unique and inspiring landscape and geothermal features. In fact, Yellowstone National Park is home to half of the world’s total hydrothermal features. These awesome attractions draw an incredible amount of visitors, an average of two to three million each year, to Yellowstone’s immense landscape. The park has a total size of 28,125 square miles, is found in three distinct states, and is considered to be one of the largest intact temperate zone ecosystems in the world today (Yellowstone National Park Official Homepage). Following thousands of years of Native American occupation, the area now known as Yellowstone National Park was officially "discovered" by western-traveling fur traders and settlers, whose stories of bubbling mud and gushing geysers seemed at first to be delusional tall tales. Traffic increased to the area, however, and more and more Americans grew in awe of the area's hydrothermal features, wild animal and plant life, petrified trees, and impressive Yellowstone River and Lake. The area's intense and moving landscape soon moved president Ulysses S. Grant to sign the Yellowstone National Park Act on March 1, 1872, which protected the area from private development and placed it under the protection of the United States Army, who managed Yellowstone from 1886 to 1916. Yellowstone National Park sparked the creation of the National Park Service, and soon became the first national park in American his... ...as the first American national park to be founded for good reason – this dynamic and stirring area deserves to be conserved and enjoyed for decades to come. Works Cited: Appendix A: Common and Scientific Names. Retrieved April 20, 2004, http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr30/lynx_appA.pdf "History of the Park." Yellowstone Resources and Issues. National Park Service, 2003. 19-30. â€Å"Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.† Yellowstone Resources and Issues. National Park Service, 2003. 31-52 Schullery, Paul and John D. Varley. Yellowstone Center for Resources. The Yellowstone Lake Crisis: Confronting a Lake Trout Invasion. 1995. Retrieved March 8, 2004, http://www.nps.gov/yell/publications/pdfs/laketrout2.pdf Yellowstone National Park Official Webpage. National Park Service. Retrieved April 20, 2004, http://www.nps.gov/yell/indes.htm

Coca cola marketing research Essay

The Coca-Cola company was established back in 1886 and it is most famous of creating the soft drink Coca Cola. Based on a global brand study, Coca Cola was the world’s most valuable brand in 2011. Though, just like all those â€Å"old† and well developed brands, Coca Cola is facing aging problem, a disconnection with the younger generation and it seems like people are not picking up coca cola as a trendy drink and a sign of coolness anymore as there are so many other drinks available in the market nowaday. In order to make the brand’s image younger, Coca Cola started a campaign back in 2011 called â€Å"Share a Coke†, internally known as â€Å"Project Connect†. It is a worldwide campaign that started with their Australia team and in 2014 the campaign has finally reached Hong Kong. There are two objectives for this campaign, to get the attention of the younger generation and to make them feel like Coca Cola is still a trendy and cool thing to be talk ing about and another communication objective for the campaign is really just to have everyone to talk about Coca Cola again, both in the real and virtual world. As mentioned, Coca cola is trying to get collection with young people again and to make Coca Cola the cool thing to be talking about among people, so the target audience of the campaign is young adults focusing on demographic of 18 – 25 years old, who is health consumers, affluent and really is the current and future major stakeholders for the brand. In order to bring people together to â€Å"Share a Coke†, Coca Cola swapped out Coke’s classic label on bottles and cans with 200 of Hong Kong’s most popular nick names, like â€Å"Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã§Å¡â€¡ (queen), â€Å"Gag 王 (joke maker)†, †Buddy†, â€Å"ç ²â€°Ã§ µ ²(fans)†, â€Å"é â€Ã¤ º º(expert)†, â€Å"Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã§ ¥Å¾ (goddess)†, â€Å"ç” ·Ã§ ¥Å¾ (god)† or common names like â€Å"Yan†, â€Å"Wah†, â€Å"Lee†, â€Å"Fung† and â€Å"Ming† or phases like â€Å"miss you†, â€Å"love you†, â€Å"Oh Dear†, à ¢â‚¬Å"Cheer up† and â€Å"I’m yours† etc. This is one of the strategy that Coca Cola came out to bring together to talk about Coca Cola again, a new concept that Coke came up and wants to promote is â€Å"Shareability†. Coca Cola understands the best way to connect people is to have something they can share or even can send it as a gift to their friends and relatives. Moreover, If you can’t find a nick name, common names nor phases that best represent you or your love one? No worries, Coca Cola had created a web page for customers to go online and create a virtual bottle to share it on social media (e.x. facebook, Instagram and Twitter†¦etc) with their friends and family. Coca Cola would never missed a single person who is interested in â€Å"Share a Coke† out. In other countries, such as the U.S. and U.K., customers with less common names (or basically if you can’t find what you are looking for), they are able to get a mini can customized with their name on it at one of their pop up stops. Because of Hong Kong don’t have the similar promotion, people are starting to sell the service of helping people to order personalized cans and bottles in the U.K. This also helped Coca Cola Hong Kong to create the basic foundation of pull strategy as supply was super limited and it I very time consuming to mail the products from overseas to Hong Kong making the products very hard to get. Another advantage of the success of the â€Å"Share a Coke† campaign overseas is that it offered the Hong Kong campaign a word-of-mouth (WOM) communication and WOM plays an important role as a communications tool in modern marketing. As Kotler (2009) suggests that if an organization can develop a marketing program to harness and  accelerate the use of personal recommendation effectively, the more likely it will be that the marketing program will be successful. This also acted as a demand-created pull strategy, as overseas people were gifting that to people who are living in Hong Kong and Hong Kong people were soon demanding to see this unique style of Coca Cola cans in Hong Kong. As soon as people got hold with a can of the personalized Coca Cola, they will share it on Instagram to show people how cool they are. Indeed, in Hong Kong, before the official campaign launched, Coke partnered with Volkswagen and sent personalized Coke can in a fancy box to younger generation celebrities like Charlene Choi, Gillian Chung, Shiga Lin and PakHo Chau†¦etc. On the cover of that fancy white box, Coca Cola encouraged celebrities to create a post on Instagram with hashtag shoareacokehk and cocacolahk. This encouragement of sharing those â€Å"Share a coke† cans on Instagram or Facebook created another pull strategy which would eventually catching the suppliers’ attention to inquiry to Coca Cola about those unique cans as celebrities are always the focus point for people to follow where the trend is. After this massive breakthrough, â€Å"Share a coke† cans and bottles were then secretly (without any proper announcement† sent to convenience stores like 711, OK and  supermarket likes Wellcome and ParknShop. As soon as they were in stock, people started to treasure hunt to trying to â€Å"share a coke with their love one and to post it on social platforms†, mainly on Instagram and Facebook. *See below images as examples. In a situation like this, the push strategy will play its part in meeting the objectives for this campaign which is letting the supplier know the demand for this product which is created by celebrities influences, social media powers and later advertising. Finally persuading retailers to both stock the product and to actively promote the â€Å"Share a coke† cans to their customers and finally making the product more accessible. Ever since Coca Cola started to encourage people to â€Å"Share a coke†, people have been uploading Instagram and Facebook posts on a regular basis. This is a creative way to make use of the profile strategy as numerous posts will be updated on Instagram everyday automatically under hashtag shareacokehk and cocacolahk and keeping stakeholders/audiences up to date with campaign information and the official Coca Cola Instagram would also share people’s â€Å"Share a coke† moment. This tactic is cost effective for Coca Cola (saved money on hiring a spoke person as many celebrities have automatically became a â€Å"spoke person† the moment they shared their personalized Coca Cola), it created a free of charge profile strategy as fans or lay people will soon follow what celebrities are doing and share a coke with their name on social media platform. This â€Å"Share a Coke† wave has caught media’s attention as bloggers and magazines were reporting this. Therefore, at a later time, personalized cans were also sent to famous bloggers, magazine editors and particular for those who have a high number of followers/fan base on Instagram. In order to â€Å"officially† announce and position Coca Cola in the minds of consumers with a view to differentiation and to inform prospective customers about the â€Å"Share a Coke† campaign, Coca Cola then started to advertise on traditional platform. It aired a television commercial on one of the biggest television channels in Hong Kong-TVB, pointing out the various nickname that people can find to mix and match them. Advertising on national television offer mass coverage, flexible format and uses sight, movement and sound  which fit in with the young adult demographic as things like that will attract their attention. They have also created posters telling people to share a coke with their mom and dad to emphasize the objective of this campaign- shareability of the product, to make people talking about Coca Cola again. Coca Cola also rented several outdoors places at causeway bay (e.x. Sogo), creating a venting machine like billboard starting â€Å"Share a coke with the person next to you, Share Coca Cola, Share happiness† and putting all the available names on there for making potential customers aware of the offering. Advertising outdoor creates a good coverage as a support medium and as the location (Sogo, Causeway bay) is where all the young adults go, it creates a perfect interesting background for young adult to take a picture and share it on Instagram as it is not so easy to spot such a large scale Coca Cola machine in your daily life. *See below images as examples. Ogilvy & Mather (the advertising agency behind all these) had also found Jonathan Mak (who editing the Apple logo in remembrance of Steve Jobs) to design a poster inspired by â€Å"Share a Coke† to advertise this campaign. You can see attached, to depict two hands sharing a Coke. This poster has served as something unique, young and trendy to matches with the target audience of the campaign. Evaluation of effectiveness: should be related to the campaign objectives and the particular tools chosen, e.g. advertising could be post-testing, tracking studies, likeability or enquiry tests. Particular market research techniques using qualitative or quantitative methods should be proposed, e.g. focus groups, surveys. A researcher quote in Wilson (2006: p.29) suggests that, â€Å"The proposal is the most important part of the whole research project†. Before we evaluate the effectiveness of the tools use, let me restate the objective of this campaign again, which is to reconnect with young adults and just have people talking about Coca Cola again. In order to evaluate whether or not the television commercial tool is effective or not, I would use likeability test  as to researching to what degree people enjoyed the advertisement and really feel like they have connect with the â€Å"Share a coke† campaign. I propose using quantitative research which is described by Wilson (2006) as a structured approach producing quantifiable data for statistical analysis, gathered from a population  sample or census. I propose that we will create a 5 questions questionnaire asking a combination of descriptive and casual questions like â€Å"What do you feel about Coca Cola‘s â€Å"Share a Coke† campaign†, â€Å"Have you watch the TV commercial about â€Å"Share a coke†Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Would you consider drinking Coca Cola as a trendy thing after watching the commercial ?†, â€Å"How do you feel about the â€Å"Share a Coke† concept and do you think the commercial has stated what we are trying to offer?†, â€Å"have you shared a coke with anyone after watching the commercial†. I suggest using Facebook as the platform to pass on the questionnaire to random audience that is within the demographic that we are aiming at as it is the most convenient and cost effective way because on Facebook you can set your target audience age to your desired one. Two identical questionnaires should be sent out to the same group of people who are aged between 18-25 across the campaign period to see if the audience has any perception changes over time. We could also get from the data whether or not we are reaching the right target auidences and whether or not this advertisement is doing what we want it to do. The second tool that we are going to evaluate is Instagram as Coca Cola has created it’s own hashtag for the campaign #shareacokehk and #cocacolahk and as our target audience is young adults, Instagram has been a major communication tools for the demographic. Also, Coca Cola has been posting all updates on its official Instagram page and this should be where we get all the noises from as Coca Cola has posted on all it’s advertising communication tools to share it on Instagram. Morevoer, Coca Cola has emphasized shareability over this campaign so the effective use of Instagram is notwithstanding one of the most important evaluation to do. Using Observation research to collect quantitative data would be a good way to analysis the effectiveness of this heavily used tool. I suggest for a consecutive of 30 days, researchers to go through around 100 potential hashtags posting on Instagram, starting with the two official hashtags â€Å"shareacokehk†, â€Å"cocacolahk†, cokehk†, â€Å"ilovecoke†Ã‚  then following any potential hashtags such as phases on cans†¦etc. Researchers will record daily change rate of each hashtag search, we can then compare shareability of each hashtags. We can also record likes from each post and see which personalized cans/bottles grabs the most attention. From the evaluation of the effectiveness of Instagram, we can increase shareability of the campaign (as, again it’s one of the major goal to get people talking about Coca Cola again). With the quantitative data that we got from this research, we can perhaps add more hashtags that people are likely to use and also we could use those information to amend or add in names that are in popular demands to keep the idea fresh. We could also see whether or not we are hitting on our target audiences. In Conclusion, the â€Å"Share a Coke† campaign is a clever idea. It is further proof how something so simple can still create a lot of buzz on the internet and in social settings. This â€Å"Share a Coke† campaign has fully fulfilled Fill (2006)’s definition of marketing communications. â€Å"A management process through which an organization seeks to engage with its various audiences. To accomplish this, the organization develops, presents and evaluates a series of messages which it sends to and receives from its different audiences. The objective of this process is to position the organization and its offering in the minds of particular audiences and in doing so encourage the  development of relationships that are of mutual value.† Coca Cola has proven to us that with the right marketing communication tools, an aging brand can sure be made younger again and reconnect with the you nger generation. Have you â€Å"Share a Coke† with your loved one today? Reference http://www.coca-colajourney.com.au/stories/local-idea-goes-global-share-a-coke#TCCC http://www.sor9y.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Screen-Shot-2014-08-24-at-2.06.38am.png http://www.milk.com.hk/content/coca-cola-share-coke-hong-kong-ed http://www.icoke.hk http://www.sor9y.com/2014/08/24/share-a-coke-name-combinations/ http://rudileung.com/tag/share-a-coke

Linguistics and Language Teaching.

Grammatical mistakes made by non- native English language speakers. Introduction Language  may refer either to the specifically  human  capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of  communication, or to a specific instance of such a system of complex communication. The scientific study of language in any of its senses is called  linguistics. Linguistic theory has traditionally considered native speakers as the only reliable source of linguistic data (Chomsky 1965). It is therefore not surprising to ? nd only a limited number of works focusing on non-native speakers prior to the 1990s.The ? rst attempt to put‘(non)nativism’ onto the centre stage of linguistic inquiry by challenging current undisputed assumptions on the  matter was Paikeday’s (1985) The native speaker is dead  , in which it is argued that the native speaker ‘exists only as a ? gment of linguist’s imagination’ (Paikeday 1985: 12). Paikeday suggested using the term ‘pro? cient user’ of a language to refer to all speakers who can successfully use it. A few years later, Rampton (1990) similarly proposed the term ‘expert speaker’ to include all successful users of a language.Davies (1991, 2003) further delved into ‘native speaker’ identity, and thus formulated the key question of whether a second language (L2) learner can become a native speaker of the target language. His conclusion was that L2 learners can become native speaker of the target language and master the intuition, grammar, spontaneity, creativity, pragmatic control, and interpreting quality of ‘born’ native speakers. Generally, English educated Malaysians of all ethnic and family language background speak and move alike.However, with the implementation of the national language policy of Bahasa Malaysia  as the national language of Malaysia and as the language of instruction, (except in the cases of Chinese or Tamil medium pr imary schools), the status of English Language in Malaysia is different from the earlier years. The English language covered a continuum from first language through second language to a foreign language. Bahasa Malaysia  is replacing English in most of its previous functions, but English may be expected to remain as a continuum from second language to foreign language according to the background and occupation of the speaker.In Malaysia, presently the use of English is less common than in Singapore and is likely to decrease steadily with the implementation of the national language policy. However, English still remains as a language of considerable importance and is still being used in various spheres of everyday activity. The role of English has changed from its earlier status as the precise language of the colonial era and the decades after the Second World War to a second language.At the moment, it is still considered as an international code to be used for diplomatic and comme rcial negotiations and as a language necessary in many fields of tertiary study and research. Not surprisingly, the non-native English language speakers among Malaysians make grammatical mistakes from time to time. These usually happened among Malaysian adult students and even among some Malaysian English teachers. 1. The transcript of a recorded conversation. The following excerpt is a recorded conversation among teachers and will be analysed of the mistakes made by some teachers during discussion.Our discussion was on the quality and effectiveness of a programme called ‘Program Penutur Jati’ or English Language Teacher Development Project (ELTP). Briefly, the aim of the project is to enhance the lower primary ESL teachers’ ability to plan and deliver quality English lessons based on the new National English Language Curriculum in 600 schools across East Malaysia. The teachers involved in discussion come from various races, ethnic groups, ages and teaching exper iences. Kamel : That is my opinion. I don’t know yours. Ok. Chairperson : I agree †¦. augh Kamel : But , as I said just now. I don’t like that the fixture.. ok. For example aaaa as my mentor come to our school .. every Monday ok.. my class start at nine o’clock†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7. 30.. that mean one and half hour include the preparation for my lesson, so I don’t think that I have an ample time for me to prepare the things†¦ ok . Moreover, the one hour and one and half hour is the .. for all to prepare.. the whole week not only , the one day. So I don’t think that will be effective. Chairperson: Emmmm Kamel : So Chairperson : Did you tell him about it?Kamel: Aaaaaa†¦ So far not yet. Chairperson : Do you have the chance to talk about it. Kamel : Because, I don’t have any.. I don’t have the opportunity to.. Chairperson : Then, you should tell him. Kamel ; I was thinking. Why don’t the mentors like them to be .. have q ualification in teaching, so that they can come to the trainee teachers training college rather than†¦ Chairperson : For your information, ahh Chairperson : Overall, it seems to be working with you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Naga : The ideas (cough)†¦ is good and different†¦ he is friendly. Chairperson : So.. ahh.If supposing .. You have a mentor to this.. who doesn’t speak.. doesn’t speak like Morrocan. Alright Naemah : Yehhh Chairperson: Right.. Alright, if.. Chairperson: Who? Chairperson : Madam Soya? She is from where? Others : Bulgaria.. (together) Chairperson : Bulgaria? Does she have the accent? Chairperson: What do you think? Do you think†¦ | 2. Common grammatical mistakes and errors by non-native English speakers. The types of errors can be categorised into two: descriptive and surface structures. Descriptive errors include noun phrase, verb phrase and complex sentence.While surface structure errors include omission, addition, misinformati on, misordering and blends. After analysing the recorded conversation, there are few mistakes or errors made by Mr. Kamel during the said discussion. a. The use of unmarked forms instead of marked forms is far more frequent, as can be seen in the examples as follows. * I don’t know yours. * I don’t know about you. * .. as I said just now. * .. as I have said just now. One possible cause of these errors is merely interlingual errors which is the result of mother tongue influences ‘Saya tak tahu awak punya’ and ‘†¦ seperti yang saya kata tadi. respectively. In his article, ‘A Role for the Mother Tongue’ in ‘Language Transfer in Language Learning’, Professor Corder (1981) reinvestigated the phenomenon and questions the term ‘transfer’. He suggests that mother tongue influence as a neutral and broader term to refer to what has most commonly been called transfer. Corder says that since most studies of error were made on the basis of the performance of learners in formal situations where it appears that errors related to mother tongue are more frequent, it was natural that an explanation of the phenomenon was of considerable concern to the applied linguistic.It was out of this concern that the whole industry of contrastive studies arose. He also claims that as far as the acquisition of syntactic knowledge is concerned, no process appropriately called interference takes place, if by that we mean that the mother tongue actually inhibits, prevents, or makes more difficult the acquisition of some feature of the target language. The term ‘interference’ is now most often used to mean what is no more than the presence in the learner‘s performance in the target language of mother-tongue-like features which are incorrect according to the rules of the target language. b.Obviously. Mr. Kamel has the problem in pronouncing certain words especially in the pronunciation of the initial sound of common words like the, there, then and that. It is also the middle consonant sound in feather and the final sound of bathe. These sounds are formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth. The initial sound of that and the final sound of both are both voiceless dental. This problem arises because Mr Kamel’s tongue is not merely touches the teeth. Thus, his pronunciation of these particular words are incorrect. Besides, difficulty in phonology can caused by mother tongue interference.Eltrug (1984) affirmed that mother tongue interference can contribute to a large number of pronunciation errors made by students. An English sound does exist in the native language, but not as separate phonemes. This simply means the first language speakers do not perceive it as a distinct sound that makes difference to meaning. For example The sound /? / does exist in Malay, but whether the vowel is long or short does not make any difference in meaning. For instance, the English phonemes/? / and /i:/ differ very much in meaning as in the words ‘leave’ and ‘live’, ‘sheep’ and ‘ship’.The great amount of vocabulary of English really makes the second language learner suffer in reading. There is a lot of words unknown and the most confusing point is even the second language learner know the meaning but they can’t really understand the meaning of the whole sentence. It is because an English word gives different impressions in different situations. This makes things so confusing about the meaning of the word. Grammatical interference is defined as the first language influencing the second in terms of word order, use of pronouns and determinants, tense and mood.Interference at a lexical level provides for the borrowing of words from one language and converting them to sound more natural in another and orthographic interference includes the spelling of one language altering another. In Malay grammar, it doe s not require one to have any form of determiner in front of instruments like computer, piano, internet. English grammar, however, requires the instruments mentioned above (computer, piano, internet) to be preceded by determiners and if neither a possessive determiner nor a demonstrative determiner is used, the use of either a definite article or an indefinite article is necessary.Thus, the ungrammatical sentences in could be the result of interference of the cultural transfer from Malay language structure on English. Erroneous form| Correct form| She plays piano while I sing. Malay: Dia bermain piano sementara saya menyanyi. | She plays the piano while I sing | She stay at home. Malay : Dia tinggal di rumah | She stays at home. | Table 1 : Examples of interference from the learners’ first language. c.Subjects also exhibited errors in subject-verb agreement as is shown in the examples as follows: * Every Monday, my class start at nine o’clock†¦. * Every Monday, my class starts at nine o’clock†¦. The omission of â€Å"-s† can be attributed to the fact that Bahasa Malaysia does not require verbs to agree with subjects. However, the ending free form is generalised for all persons to make the learning task easier and this is a common intralingual made by people with diverse native languages like Mr Kamel. 3. Causes and sources of errors and mistakes Interlingual errors  are the result of mother tongue influences.Learners transfer/borrow some forms but not others due to two factors such as proto-typicality and language distance (Kellerman, 1979). Malay learners of English commonly make errors in negative sentences. For example: Adryna no coming today. [Adryna tak datang hari ini. ] Such errors are common in pre-verbal negation using  no, the same negative construction as in their L1. In order to determine whether transfer is the cause for the occurrence of errors, James (1998), demonstrates that learners with a particular L 1 make an error that those with a different L1 do not.He provides a useful summary of these strategies which includes the following; a. False analogy b. Misanalysis c. Incomplete rule application exploiting redundancy d. Overlooking co-occurrence restrictions e. System-simplification It is not clear which strategy is responsible for a particular error. Errors can also be viewed as ‘natural’ or as ‘induced’. For example: a. He  played  football yesterday. b. He  goed  home at six. c. He  drinked  milk. d. He  eated  dinner. e. He  sleeped  at eight. ConclusionTo conclude, learners’ errors are a part of the learners’ language learning process. Hence, teachers should not penalise students for the errors they made. Instead, teachers should note those errors and devise ways to assist learners to overcome their problems in language learning. It is difficult to decide whether grammatically or acceptability should serve as the crit erion for error analysis. If grammatically is chosen, an error can be defined as ‘breach of the rule of the code’ (Corder, 1967).Defining errors in terms of grammatically also necessitates giving consideration to the distinction between overt and covert error: In the field of methodology, there are two schools of thought with regard to learners’ error. Firstly, the school which maintains that if we were to achieve a perfect teaching method, the errors would have never be committed and therefore the occurrence of errors is merely a sign of inadequacy in our teaching techniques. The philosophy of the second school is that we live in an imperfect world and consequently errors will always occur in spite of our very best teaching and learning ethods. One effect has been perhaps to shift the emphasis away from a preoccupation with teaching towards a study of learning. The differences between the two are clearly defined: that the learning of the mother tongue is natural , whereas, we all know that there is no such inevitability about the learning of a second language; that the learning of the mother tongue is part of the whole maturational process of the child, whilst learning a second language normally begins only after the maturational process is complete.A child’s incorrect utterances can be interpreted as being evidence that he is in the process of acquiring language and the errors provide these evidences. Brown and Frazer (1964), point out that the best evidence a child possesses construction rules is the occurrence of systematic errors, since when the child speaks correctly, it is quite possible that he is only repeating something that he has heard. In the case of the second language learner, it is known that we do know some knowledge of what the input has been which we call as the syllabus.The simple fact of presenting a certain linguistic form to a learner in the classroom does not necessarily qualify it for the status of input, for the reason that input ‘is what goes in’, not ‘what is available’ for going in, and we may reasonably suppose that it is the learner who controls this input. This may well be determined by the characteristics of his language acquisition mechanism and not by those of the syllabus. References Mariam Mohd Nor, Abdul Halim Ibrahim, Shubbiah, R (2008). OUM-Linguistics and Language Teaching. Seri Kembangan, Selangor.Open University Malaysia. Corder, S. P. (1967). The significance of learners’ errors. International Review of Applied Linguistics,  5, 161-70. Corder, S. P. (1981). Error analysis and interlanguage. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ames, C. (1998). Errors in language learning and use: Exploring error analysis. London: Longman. Kellerman, E. (1979). Transfer and non-transfer: Where are we now? Studies in Second Language Acquisition,  2: 37-57. Eltrug, N. S. (1984). Analysis of the Arab Learners' Errors in Pronunciation of English Utterances i n Isolation and Context.Ph. D Dissertation. The University of Kansas. Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of  the theory of  syntax  . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Paikeday, T. (1985). The native speaker is dead! Toronto: Paikeday Publishing. Rampton, M. B. H. (1990). Displacing the ‘native speaker’: Expertise, af? liation, and inheritance. ELT  Ã‚  Journal   44. 2, 97–101. Davies, A. (1991). The  native speaker in  applied linguistics  . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Davies, A. (2003). The native speaker of World Englishes. Journal of Pan-Paci? c Association of Applied  Linguistics   6. 1, 43–60